The voltage drop of any insulated cable depends on the length of the path considered (in meters), the required nominal current (in amperes), and the relevant total impedance per unit length of the cable. The maximum impedance and voltage drop applicable to each cable at the maximum conductor temperature and under alternating current conditions are presented in the tables. For cables operating under direct current conditions, the appropriate voltage drops can be calculated using the formula: 2 x path length x current x resistance x 10⁻³. The detailed values in the tables are presented in m/V/Am (volts/100 per ampere per meter), and the maximum acceptable nominal voltage drop specified by the IEEE Regulations is 2,5% of the system voltage, i.e., 0,025 x 415
= 10,5 volts for three-phase operation or 0,025 x 240 = 6,0 volts for single-phase operation. Consider a three-phase system.
The requirement may be that a load of 1000 A be transmitted over a distance of 150 m, the cable being
stapled to the wall and with adequate protection. The classification tables in the IEEE Regulations indicate that a SWA PVC cable with a 35 mm copper conductor would be suitable for the required load, but the voltage drop
It must be checked. Voltage drop = Y x current x length
= 1,1 x 100 x 150 millivolts
= 1,1 x 100 x 150 volts/1000
= 16,5 volts
where Y = value from the tables in mV/A/m unless a specific voltage drop value, acceptable to the user, is specified.
As specified, the 10,5 volt value from the IEEE Regulations must be respected. Therefore: total voltage drop = 10,5 volts
10,5 = Y x 100 x 150
Therefore, Y = 10,5/100 x 150
= 0,7/1000 volts/ampere/meter. Consulting voltage drop tables indicates that the cable size with a voltage drop of 0,7/1000 V/A/m
(0,7 mV/A/m) OR LESS is a 70 mm copper conductor.

Therefore, to transmit a three-phase current of 100 A per phase over a distance of 150 m, with a total voltage drop equal to or less than the legal maximum of 10,5 volts, the use would require a 70 mm³ (cubic) multi-conductor PVC.

Moreover,
The user may have 150 m of 35 mm² (Cu) multi-core PVC cable and need to know the maximum current.
which can be applied without exceeding the permitted voltage drop. The method is exactly the same as above.
namely: total drop = 16,6

= YxAxM
= 1,1 x A x 150/1000
From the tables: Y = 1,1 mV/A/m
= 1,1/1000 V/A/m
Therefore, A = 10,5 x 1000 / 1,1 x 150
= 64 amperes

From the above, it is clear that, knowing any two values of Y, A, or m, the remaining, unknown value can be...
to be easily calculated.

The consulting service is always available to verify, clarify, or suggest the most suitable cable size and type for any specific requirements.

Voltage Drop for Single-Core Low-Voltage Cables (mV/amp/meter)

Copper conductor	Plans	Trefoil arrangement	Aluminum Conductor	Plans	Trefoil arrangement
4	7.83	7.770	16	3.343	3.283
6	5.287	5.226	25	2.161	2.100
10	3.184	3.124	35	1.602	1.542
16	2.086	2.008	50	1.222	1.162
25	1.357	1.297	70	0.890	0.830
35	1.034	0.971	95	0.686	0.623
50	0.793	0.732	120	0.569	0.509
70	0.595	0.534	150	0.490	0.430
95	0.469	0.408	185	0.420	0.360
120	0.410	0.349	240	0.353	0.293
150	0.354	0.294	300	0.312	0.252
185	0.312	0.252	400	0.274	0.214
240	0.272	0.211	400	0.245	0.185
300	0.247	0.187	630	0.222	0.162
400	0.224	0.164
500	0.208	0.148
630	0.194	0.134

Voltage drop in ampere-meters (mV). Conductor operating temperature: 70 °C

Cross-sectional area of the conductor	Dual-core DC cable	Single-phase dual-core AC cable			Three- or four-core AC three-phase cable
mm	mV	mV			mV
1.5	29	29			25
2.5	18	18			15
4	11	11			9.05
6	7.3	7.3			6.04
10	4.4	4.4			3.08
16	2.8	2.8			2.04
		r	x	z	r	x	z
25	1.75	1.75	0.170	1.75	1.50	0.145	1.50
35	1.25	1.25	0.165	1.25	1.10	0.145	1.10
50	0.93	0.93	0.165	0.94	0.80	0.140	0.81
70	0.63	0.63	0.160	0.65	0.55	0.140	0.57
95	0.46	0.47	0.155	0.50	0.41	0.135	0.43
120	0.36	0.38	0.155	0.41	0.33	0.135	0.35
150	0.29	0.30	0.155	0.34	0.26	0.130	0.29
185	0.23	0.28	0.150	0.29	0.21	0.130	0.25
240	0.180	0.190	0.150	0.24	0.165	0.130	0.21
300	0.145	0.155	0.145	0.21	0.136	0.130	0.185
400	0.105	0.115	0.145	0.185	0.100	0.125	0.160

Voltage drop in amperes per meter (mV). Conductor operating temperature: 70°C.

Cross-sectional area of the conductor	Dual-core DC cable	Single-phase dual-core AC cable			Three- or four-core AC three-phase cable
1	2	3			4
Mm	Mv	MV			MV
16	4.5	45			3.9
25	2.9	29	0.175	2.9	2.5	0.150	2.5
35	2.1	2.1	0.170	2.1	1.80	0.150	1.80
50	1.55	1.55	0.170	1.55	1.35	0.145	1.35
70	1.05	1.05	0.165	1.05	0.90	0.140	0.92
95	0.77	0.77	0.160	0.79	0.67	0.140	0.68
120					0.53	0.135	0.55
150					0.42	0.135	0.44
185					0.34	0.135	0.37
240					0.26	0.130	0.30
300					0.21	0.130	0.25

The tables are derived from copyright information from the IEE.

600/1000 Volt PVC Insulated Cables with Copper Conductors - Sustained Current Parameters (Amps) (50 Hz)

Normal driver area	600/100 VOLTS Single-phase and three-phase cables in a three-phase arrangement.
mm	Direct Armored	Armored Duct	unshielded air	Air armored
50	203	199	184	193
70	248	241	233	249
95	297	282	290	298
120	337	311	338	347
150	376	342	338	395
185	423	375	450	452
240	485	419	537	532
300	542	459	620	607
700	600	489	722	690
500	660	523	832	776
630	721	563	957	869
800	758	587	1083	937
1000	797	621	1260	1010

Approximate current per line or phase consumed at maximum power by motors of average efficiency and power factor.

Engine classification	Direct current			Alternating current
	110V	220V	550V	240V	380V	415V	550V
HP	amp	amp	amp	amp	amp	amp	amp
0.5	5.7	2.8	1.1	3
1	10	5	2	6	1.9	1.7	1.3
2	18	9	3.6	10	3.6	3.3	2.5
3	26	13	5.2	15	5.1	4.6	3.5
5	42	21	8.4	24	8	7.3	5.5
7.5	60	30	12	35	11.6	10.6	8
10	80	40	16	46	15.1	13.8	10.4
15	117	59	23	67	22	20	16
20	154	77	31	88	29	27	21
25	190	95	38	110	37	34	26
30	227	114	46	130	43	40	30
40	300	150	60	180	59	54	41
50	375	187	75	210	73	67	50
50	445	223	89	253	87	80	60
60	520	260	104	291	102	94	70
80	600	300	120	332	117	107	81
100	740	370	148	412	145	133	100
125		460	184	515	181	166	125
150			220		217	199	150
175			256		253	232	175
200			292		288	264	199
250					353	323	244
300					421	385	291

Useful three-phase formulas:

1. kW = kVA x power factor

2 kW =	Line Amperes x Line Volts x 1.73 x pf
	1000

3. kVA =	kW
	pf

4. Line amps =	kW x 1000
	Line Volts x 1.73 x pf

5. Line amps =	kVA x 1000
	Line Volts 1.73

6. Line amps =	hp x 746
	Line Volts x 1.73 x Efficiency x pf

7. kVA =	Line Amperes x Line Volts x 1.73
	1000

8 kW =	hp x 746
	1000x Efficiency

9. kVA =	Line Amperes x Line Volts x 1.73 x Efficiency x pf
	746

10. hp =	kW x 1000 x Efficiency
	746

11. hp =	kVA x 1000 x Efficiency
	746

CURRENT CLASSIFICATIONS OF CABLES CUT DIRECTLY TO THE SURFACE OR TRAY, BUNCHED AND UNBLOCKED

Driver size	2 A DC core		3 A core 4 A core		1 dual-core DVD player		1 Three cores 1 Four cores
	Single-phase alternating current		Three-phase alternating current		single-phase AC		Three-phase alternating current
	R	P	R	P	R	P	R	P
mm²	amp	amp	amp	amp	amp	amp	amp	amp
1	16	13	15	12	14	12	12	10
1.5	21	16	19	15	18	15	15	13
2.5	29	23	26	20	24	21	21	18
4	38	30	34	27	31	27	27	24
6	49	38	45	34	40	35	35	30
10	67	51	60	46	56	48	48	41
16	90	38	81	61	72	64	64	54
25	115	89	105	80	96	71	84	62
35	145	109	130	98	115	87	100	72
50	205	175	185	160	170	140	150	125
70	260	220	235	200	210	175	185	155
95	320	270	285	240	255	215	225	190
120	370	310	335	280	300	250	260	215
150	420	355	380	320	335	285	300	250
185	480	405	435	365	385	325	345	280
240	570	480	520	430	450	385	400	335
300	660	560	600	500	520	445	460	390
400	770	680	700	610
500	890	800	800	710
630	1050	910	950	820

CURRENT CLASSIFICATIONS FOR CABLES IN GROUPED AND CLOSED CONDUITS OR TRAYS

Driver size	2 A DC core		4 A Core		D.C.		Three-phase alternating current
Driver size	single-phase AC		Three-phase AC		single-phase AC
	R	P	R	P	R	P	R	P
mm²	amp	amp	amp	amp	amp	amp	amp	amp
1	14	11	11	9	12	11	10	9
1.5	17	13	14	11	15	13	13	12
2.5	24	18	20	16	20	18	17	16
4	31	24	27	22	27	24	23	22
6	40	31	35	28	34	30	30	27
10	55	42	49	39	47	40	41	37
16	73	56	66	53	61	53	54	47
25	94	73	89	71	80	60	70	53
35	115	90	110	88	97	74	86	65
50	170	145	145	125
70	215	185	185	160
95	265	230	225	195
120	310	260	260	220
150	350		300

R = Heat-resistant rubber insulation
P = PVC insulation

Minimum size of the ground conductor (if not contained in the cable)

Size of the largest copper circuit conductor.	Grounding conductor size	Grounding continuity conductor size	Connecting wire size
1	6	1*	1 # *
1.5	6	1*	1 # *
2.5	6	1*	1 # *
4	6	2.5	1 # *
6	6	2.5	1 # *
10	6	6	2.5
16	6	6	2.5
25	16	16	6
35	16	16	6
50	16	16	6
70	50	50	16
95	50	50	16
120	50	50	16
150	50	50	16
185	70	70	50
240	70	70	50
300	70	70	50
400	70	70	50
500	70	70	50
630	70	70	50

* 1,5 mm² where the grounding conductor is not encapsulated
# 2,5 mm² for interconnecting other services at the facility entrance.

DIAMETERS AND SIZES OF CABLE GLANDS FOR SHIELDED PVC INSULATED CABLES

Driver size	Maximum core diameter	Number of cores	Approximate diameters			Thread	Recommended gland size#
			Intermediate Cover	Frame	Outer Cover
mm²	mm	Number of Drivers	mm	mm	mm	mm	BS4121
14/8	26/8	2	7	9	11 6/8	7/8	5/8
		3	73/8	9 3/8	12 2/8	7/8	5/8
		4	8.1	10.1	13	0.9	3/4 S*
		5	8.9	10.9	13.8	0.9	3 / 4 S
		7	9.7	11.7	14.5	0.9	3 / 4 S
		10	12 2/4	15	18	1 1/4	3/4
		12	12 3/4	15 2/4	18 2/4	1 1/4	3/4
		19	15.1	17.8	21.1	1.25	1
		27	18.5	22	25.4	1.6	1
		37	21	24 2/4	17 3/4	1 2/4	1 3/4
		48	23 3/4	27 1/4	30 3/4	1 2/4	1 3/4
2.5	3.3	2	8.2	10.2	13.1	0.9	3 3/4 S*
		3	8.7	10.7	13.6	0.9	3 3/4 S
		4	9.6	11.6	14.5	0.9	3 3/4 S
		5	10.5	12.5	15.4	0.9	3 3/4
		7	11 2/4	12 2/4	16 2/4	1	3/4
		10	14.8	17.5	20.9	1.25	1
		12	15.3	18	21.4	1.25	1
		19	18.5	22	25.4	1.6	1
		27	22	25 2/4	29 1/4	1 2/4	1 3/4
		37	25	28 2/4	32 2/4	1 2/4	1 3/4
		48	29	33 1/2	37 1/2	2	1 1/2
4	4.3	2	10.2	12.2	15.1	0.9	3 3/4 S
		3	11	13	16	1	3/4
		4	12	14 3/4	17 3/4	1 1/4	3/4
		5	12 1/4	16	19	1 1/4	3/4
		7	14 2/4	17 1/4	20 2/4	1 1/4	1
		10	19 1/4	22 3/4	26	1 2/4	1
		12	19.8	23.3	26.8	1.6	1 3/4
		19	12 2/4	27	30 2/4	1 2/4	1 1/4
		27	28 1/2	33	37	2	1 1/2
6	5	2	11 2/4	13 2/4	16 2/4	1	3/4
		3	12 1/4	12 1/4	18	1 1/4	3/4
		4	13 2/4	13 2/4	19 1/4	1 1/4	3/4
10	61/4	2	14	16 3/4	20	1 1/4	3/4
		3	15	17 3/4	21 1/4	1 1/4	1
		4	16 2/4	19 1/4	22 3/4	1 1/4	1
16	Shaped Conductors	2	13	15 2/4	19	1 1/4	3/4
		3	14 2/4	14 2/4	20 2/4	1 1/4	1
		4	19 3/4	16 3/4	24	1 1/4	1

#Cable glands Type BW, CW, D1W, D2W, E1W, E2W.
• A cable manufactured with minimal tolerance can be accommodated in a smaller cable gland.

PVC/SWA/PVC CABLE GLAND SIZING TABLE

Size mm²

Drivers
1

1.5

16/20

20S

20L

25S

25L

2.5

20S

20L

25S

25L

40S

4.0

20S

20L

25L

40S

6.0

20L

10.0

25S

16.0

25S

25L

25.0

25S

35.0

25L

50.0

40S

70.0

40S

40L

95.0

25S

40S

50S

120.0

25L

40S

40L

50S

150.0

40L

50S

63S

185.0

50S

50L

63S

240.0

40S

50L

63S

300.0

40L

63S

63L

75L

400.0

50S

63L

75S

75L

500.0

50S

630.0

50L

The tabulated cable gland sizes serve only as a guide and are based on the approximate diameters of the bottom and overall armor.

Cables made with aluminum wire must have aluminum cable glands.

TEMPERATURE REDUCTION FACTORS
FACTORS THAT REDUCE SOIL TEMPERATURE

FACTORS FOR REDUCING AIR TEMPERATURE

Air temperature °C	25	30	35	40	45	50	55
PVC cables rated for 70°C.	1.22	1.15	1.08	1.00	0.95	0.82	0.71

Burial depth reduction factor

Soil temperature °C	25	30	35	40	45	50	55
PVC cables rated for 70°C	1.13	1.07	1.00	0.93	0.85	0.76	0.65

Cross-section of the cables
Placement depth mt	up to 70 mm²	95 mm² – 240 mm²	300 square millimeters and above
0.5	1.00	1.00	1.00
0.60	0.99	0.98	0.97
0.80	0.97	0.96	0.94
1.00	0.95	0.93	0.92
1.25	0.94	0.92	0.89
1.5	0.93	0.90	0.87
1.75	0.92	0.89	0.86
2.00	0.91	0.88	0.85

SOIL THERMAL RESISTIVITY REDUCTION FACTOR

Soil thermal resistivity in °C cm/watt	80	90	100	120	150	200	250
Classification factor	1.17	1.12	1.07	1.0	0.91	0.80	0.73

Nominal temperature reduction factor of PVC

PVC type, nominal temperature °C	70	85	95	105
Classification factor	1.000	1.195	1.309	1.414

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Voltage drop in ampere-meters (mV). Conductor operating temperature: 70 °C

Voltage drop in amperes per meter (mV). Conductor operating temperature: 70°C.

600/1000 Volt PVC Insulated Cables with Copper Conductors - Sustained Current Parameters (Amps) (50 Hz)

Approximate current per line or phase consumed at maximum power by motors of average efficiency and power factor.

Useful three-phase formulas:

CURRENT CLASSIFICATIONS OF CABLES CUT DIRECTLY TO THE SURFACE OR TRAY, BUNCHED AND UNBLOCKED

CURRENT CLASSIFICATIONS FOR CABLES IN GROUPED AND CLOSED CONDUITS OR TRAYS

Minimum size of the ground conductor (if not contained in the cable)

DIAMETERS AND SIZES OF CABLE GLANDS FOR SHIELDED PVC INSULATED CABLES

PVC/SWA/PVC CABLE GLAND SIZING TABLE

TEMPERATURE REDUCTION FACTORS
FACTORS THAT REDUCE SOIL TEMPERATURE

FACTORS FOR REDUCING AIR TEMPERATURE

Burial depth reduction factor

SOIL THERMAL RESISTIVITY REDUCTION FACTOR

Nominal temperature reduction factor of PVC

Voltage Drop Calculations

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NBR 5410 Sizing Tables

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TABLE AND GUIDELINES AWG X METRIC CONVERSION (mm²)

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Minimum permissible bending radius: according to DIN VDE 0298 part 3

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Voltage drop in ampere-meters (mV). Conductor operating temperature: 70 °C

Voltage drop in amperes per meter (mV). Conductor operating temperature: 70°C.

600/1000 Volt PVC Insulated Cables with Copper Conductors - Sustained Current Parameters (Amps) (50 Hz)

Approximate current per line or phase consumed at maximum power by motors of average efficiency and power factor.

Useful three-phase formulas:

CURRENT CLASSIFICATIONS OF CABLES CUT DIRECTLY TO THE SURFACE OR TRAY, BUNCHED AND UNBLOCKED

CURRENT CLASSIFICATIONS FOR CABLES IN GROUPED AND CLOSED CONDUITS OR TRAYS

Minimum size of the ground conductor (if not contained in the cable)

DIAMETERS AND SIZES OF CABLE GLANDS FOR SHIELDED PVC INSULATED CABLES

PVC/SWA/PVC CABLE GLAND SIZING TABLE

TEMPERATURE REDUCTION FACTORS FACTORS THAT REDUCE SOIL TEMPERATURE

FACTORS FOR REDUCING AIR TEMPERATURE

Burial depth reduction factor

SOIL THERMAL RESISTIVITY REDUCTION FACTOR

Nominal temperature reduction factor of PVC

Voltage Drop Calculations

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TEMPERATURE REDUCTION FACTORS
FACTORS THAT REDUCE SOIL TEMPERATURE